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The problem of homelessness affects society since ancient times. In relation to various aspects of the individuals’ lives in which other options and opportunities are fading away, of income and family support signify a means by which to achieve a better social and material future. In the context of the poverty the state-enforced destitution brought about by living on social security benefits, the social censure that structured their experience of single parenthood, the community ostracisation that resulted from having children of mixed parentage, the ever present possibility of being victims of homelessness or a housing crisis and the respondents’ rejection of being dependent on men – involvement in prostitution was seen as an opportunity for future survival.
Lack of income and stable job are the main causes of homelessness. All the homeless people experience poverty, which is often cited by them as the precipitating cause of their engagement in crimes and illegal activities (Jencks 82). For some time, lack of educational qualifications, few marketable skills, unemployment, low pay, living on social security benefits, lone motherhood and housing difficulties have been used as signifiers of poverty. Both separately and combined, these circumstances reduce the opportunity to participate fully in social life. They act as barriers to the exercise of citizenship, regardless of whether citizenship is conceived in strictly legalistic/civil terms or in broader terms of social citizenship. In other words, poverty acts as a constraining force in an individual’s life (Baumohl 32).
The main causes of women’s homelessness in general are physical abuse and marital breakdown. By removing themselves from the ‘family’, women place themselves at risk of losing what little access they have to housing security. Women in such a situation often find themselves weighing up the risks of staying in violent, intolerable or abusive relationships against the risks of going. Although the individuals’ experiences of housing insecurity accorded with the housing experiences of women more generally, the primary cause of their housing insecurity was violence and abuse rather than relationship breakdowns (Jencks 72). Recent data based on a national survey estimated that up to 7% (13.5 million) of the United States population have experienced literal homelessness (Cooper 2000).
The act of ‘doing a runner’ is recalled as having significance only inasmuch as it has affected the individuals’ choice of future actions and the risky situations that have followed (that is, potential homelessness and destitution). In other words, the significance of doing a runner inhered in what happened afterwards. It is often thought that having paid employment is one of the primary ways of avoiding poverty. It has been demonstrated that jobs that are low paid, have little status or security and/or are organized on a casual, part-time or flexible basis are a cause of rather than a guard against homelessness. Understanding criminal records of homeless people as blocking all prospect of legitimate employment is particularly relevant given that all of homeless individuals can be convicted of a fraud-related offence (Baumohl 38). Homelessness is both a social and personal problem of millions of people deprived their chance to have a stable job, income and state support.
In sum, In addition to housing difficulties caused by flight from physical violence and abuse, four of the interviewees spoke of housing problems that had resulted from economic difficulties. Similarly, the immediacy of the cash exchange between prostitutes and punters, the informal organization of the institution of prostitution and the myth that money from prostitution is ‘easy money’ were all deployed in the interviewees’ portrayal of prostitution as an easily accessible, unlocked door behind which lay new, wider social networks, friends and, most importantly, economic stability.

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The strange activity of slavery contributes a lot to the American’s past “with its abolition by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1865)” (Engerman et al. “Slavery for historical statistics”). To Africa, the act of slavery on land dates to the start of the European settlers with its effects to all areas of British colonies in American land. Because of the separation of settlers in Africa and America, following the change which established two separate groups concerning slavery brought about withdrawal from the political federation and start of civil war between 1861 and 1865 and left a unique history that continues to raise debates in the current times (Engerman et al. “Slavery for historical statistics”). Statistics dating back the late 18th century to mid 19th century, coupled by the farm and industrial benefits brings the economical sense of slavery. Differently, the slave organization, the basic moral and religious values, the country’s codes of conduct and values, unity of the nation and abolishing of slavery were among others the key subjects that created divisions in the United States of America. Therefore, this paper debates on the controversy created by slavery in the United States during the late eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth century period calling for necessary measures by affected parties to protect their interests.
Complicated complexities of slavery also took place in historical Central Europe, Africa, and Asia. Considering slavery in the view of political and economic force, in America it was much connected to the economic complex involving intellectual and artistic achievement or expression in commercial farming and was free from corruption activities. The thorough organization and calculations created the basis for “later technical literature on agronomy and animal husbandry” (Moore 111). Despite resistance from the moral issues, the distinctive characteristic of slavery could not be avoidable because it contributed a lot to market management’s survival where slavery organizations formed the backbone for economy and a reference point of doubtful situations of societal management. The importance of slavery caused a renowned settler George Washington to retain his slaves despite the undertaking looking unprofitable (Moore 112).
The traditional connection existing between master and his servants encouraged slavery as it had economical value where a master could not own slaves. In addition, the racial segregation encouraged slavery as like in the case of Negros being inferior to the whites justifying slavery (Moore 142). The law of nature as in the Speech of Stephens can support it where there exists distinction from the Creator distinguishing the highest and the lowest scale on earth, which separates and clearly indicates the distinctive features of administration (Baird 256). Religions recognized slavery but under certain conditions where the is no sense to unifying harmonizing whatever God separated and to many whites, slavery kept the gap such that the Negros will never be equal to them.
The USA constitution had favors for the whites who made it while still practicing slavery in the Union states and this was much in harmony with the essential American importance. Because of the valuable interests, there was the need to maintain and protect the social correctness, concerns and respect of the Union states, the unity of the Union could be at threat by terminating slavery (Paterson et al. 270). Moreover, in the interest of development, there could not be restriction to the settlers of the developing areas to practice slavery because they could do it at their pleasure: it was legal.
On the other hand, slavery was against the moral values of human being and many colonies like French considered abolishing slavery in the nineteenth century. In the USA, abolitionists like Garrison, Republicans like Lincoln, and Steven saw slavery an intolerable organization depriving people their own rights. Movements supporting abolishing of slavery enjoyed the support from individual to party levels in the nineteenth century especially 1830s when fundamental steps to abolishing slavery were in force (Paterson et al 23). The strategies of such reformists in the electoral campaigns of the 1860 were set to abolish slavery and considered not to extend to the newly settled areas. The act of keeping a human being as slave disregards the will of the Creator as he created human beings to be equal and neither could hold the other as his possession (Baird 335).
In order to bring equality, abolishing slavery was necessary because the constitution (Declarations of Independence) provided spontaneous justice to all including the slaves and thus there should be equality to the Negros working in the farms and their white masters. The benefits that settlers obtained came from the sweat of the slaves: then why not consider them for their rights as this violates the constitution.
In addition, the formation of the United States of America as a nation retained the basis of the Union. Therefore, differences taking place within the United States could not disturb the unity of the confederation states because the republicans were out to protect the likes of the constitution (Paterson et al 23). The differences brought by the quest to abolish slavery could only then make the United States be a very free slave country or a slave one and the Declarations of Independence supports this.
The threat brought by development indicated that continuing expansion of territories had the potential of increasing slavery and hence the need to check it despite how long it could take, the need was there to see the black and the white live in harmony.

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The battles of uniting the two Asian countries i.e. North and South Korea have mainly been a race of time, with the two countries insisting of peaceful negotiations to end the stalemate. The North Korea has always blamed the US for it military support to South Korea and for not lifting economic sanctions imposed on it. With this blame game continuing then uniting the Korean peninsula remains a dream to the Asian countries for now.
This paper gives the major problems and disputes facing the Korean peninsula and the use and preparing for war by North Korea which is as a result of realism. It explains the theory of realism and discusses the North Korean foreign policy regarding to the US and South Korea. It highlights the gaps in the six party talks regarding the disarming of North Korea and gives the solutions to such conflicts which must be diplomatic and peaceful to safeguard the interest of everyone.
Theory of realism
Countries or states will ever be involved in the struggle for power. The US has declared itself as the super power, leading to other states and countries emerging to threaten the security of the world as they also seek for supremacy. The US has the duty to rise above the rest and calm the nations. With the invention of nuclear power came the invention of the nuclear to be used as a weapon, currently commonly referred to as weapons of mass destruction. The North Korea has been suspected to be involved in the production and possession of the nuclear technology where it is preparing to attack South Korea following their split. The use of power to gain control over other nations is discussed in the realism theory in the struggle for power (Feffer & American Friends Service Committee. 1999 p.4)
The fight and struggle for the power may be brought about by very many issues separating the country. The geography of a country is one of the best examples of the current battles between the South and North Korea. The issue of economy can also bring the struggle for power; nations may fear the growth of their rivals leading to conflict. Natural resources between or at the center of conflicts is common occurrence e.g. in the Gaza strip where land is fought for. Countries may even fight just to test their military strength. All these struggles can be explained as struggles due to realism. Population is another cause of struggle for realism since South Korea has twice the population of North Korea, which will greatly affect the unity of the large Korean state (Fly, 2009 para. 4).
Current developments
The former president of America Mr. George Bush described North Korea as an axis of evil. He continued accusing the country of arming itself with weapons of mass destruction, and not caring about the welfare of its citizens. These accusations have been taken by the incumbent president Barrack Obama. The Korean peninsula has been a ticking time bomb for sometime now. Indeed, the wars and battles of the peninsula may be far from over with the current state of events. According to Bechtol (2009 para.1) the North Korea has been suspected to use nuclear and missiles in the peninsula to calm South Korea and retain its territory. The threat posed by North Korea is not only to the Korean peninsula but to the Asian continent and the world at large.
The North Korea has been deploying more and more soldiers to the south. Bechtol (2009 para.4) describes that much of the resource have been directed to troops while there is less to spend for food and fuel for the citizens. The US is in containment in the North Korea. The North Korea was also involved and disrupted a disbarment speech by president Obama on April 5, 2009 where they fired a Taepodong-2- missile. The country also had nuclear tests on May 2009 (Fly, 2009 para.1). This makes North Korea a security threat not only to the US but to the whole world. The United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1874 was the point of reliance for the Obama led administration in the efforts to probably interdict illegal and illicit shipments belonging to North Korea.
The proliferations of arms to the north of the Asian country have been high and the US has been just talking with no action. The recent leak of information regarding the US Navy marines following a ship with its destination to Burma which changed destination to North Korea were futile. The US has now embarked on a strategy to disarm the North Korea through negotiations. North Korea ha been linked in the involvement of a secret nuclear reactor in Syria at Al Kibar, which was ironically during the period when the North Korea were having good faith negotiations with the US (Hwang, 2003 p.5).
The North Korea can be suspected to be arming itself to attack the south following the recent developments of the asymmetric forces realignment in the country; they tend to concentrate more in the south pending any attack. The other sign is the reorganization of the conventional forces which have been moved to demilitarized areas giving a sign of perpetual attack of the south.
There are three asymmetric forces suspected to attack the south, which are organized into long range artillery units, short range ballistic missile units, and specialized forces. The other sign is the country’s increased supply of weapons in the demilitarized areas or zones since the last two decades (Fly, 2009 para.6).

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The New Deal was prompted by the situation that existed during the Great Depression which threatened to collapse the American economy. The Great depression just like the recent financial crisis in the U.S was preceded by a period of unfounded market optimism especially in the stock market. In 1920s the most preferable form of investment was the stock market, therefore banks loaned money to investors on easy terms. There had been raised concerns that in the event that the stock market fell the banks would go bankrupt and many people would lose their money, however the excitement with the stock market investment led many to ignore these concerns. Eventually when the stock market came crashing, the rest of the American economy followed soon because banks and other financiers had invested so much money on the stock market. The results were that many people lost their money, banks could not give loans anymore and there were widespread job losses. The Great Depression occurred during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. President Hoover was adamant to offer financial assistance to Americans and argued that the American economy should be left to take its own cause and that the economy would soon improve. But this was not to be so and after much convincing by the Congress Hoover soon gave in and the government intervened through several measures. The measures included cutting back on the government spending and providing financial assistance to businesses. The Great Depression was a very tough period for every American because almost everybody was affected. As businesses and companies began to fall they were forced to lay off some workers. Life was already hard and was made worse by the rising rate of unemployment. President Hoover’s apparent reluctance in acting during the Great Depression saw him defeated by a Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 elections. This paper will look at how the New Deal by President Roosevelt served to rescue the American economy, the critics of the New Deal and how the economy progressed after the New Deal.

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It is a common practice for authors to use violence in their works of art for various reasons. Violence in text can be used to attain various objectives by the author. The text has brought out different forms of violence and they are very important in delivering the message to the reader. In this work of fiction the author has created artificial scenes of violence that affect the characters and hence sends a clear message to the reader particularly concerning the various consequences of violence in life. The reader is treated to violence throughout the text in an indirect but very unique way that it is hard to escape it.
In the first circle of hell, Dante gets the reader prepared for violence that would be unfolded in the forthcoming text. The beasts that block his way are characters of violence against human souls. When an individual tries to cross their path, the beasts violently destroy the soul. The she-wolf is just one of the beasts and it is said to have originated from hell and is ready to inflict its violence on any soul that crosses it. The first instances of violence serve to prepare the readers to other subsequent forms of violence in the later texts. The beasts also serve to portray the conflict that exists between humans and some animals. It is unusual for humans to co-exist peacefully with some animals such as wolves. The hatred of these animals is depicted in their violent nature. Conflict between human beings and animals, is a matter that has been there since time immemorial and would continue to exist as long as the two subjects continue interacting in life on earth.
Violence against people who are involved in fraud has been articulated in the text. This has been achieved with the mentioning of the place where fraudulent individuals are punished in hell. In this sense, violence is illustrated with the physical and emotional aspects of the punishment. It is clear that souls in that part of hell are exposed to violence that torments them so much. This violence is supposed to bring positive change of behavior amongst those who are still living.
This kind of violence helps to shift the mood of the text. This is because of the readers being treated to different situations and being brought back to the suffering of the people who are involved in fraud when they are being punished. The violence also reveals to the readers that evil has dire consequences of punishment. Those who go against the teachings of God will have a great price to pay by being subjected to punishment. In the text the readers are treated to scenes of souls running from one side of the pouch to another with demons dealing with them mercilessly. One of the souls of Italian origin claims to Dante that he sold his own sister to a noble. This is indeed fraud and that is the reason why he is at that particular place undergoing violence from the demons. All these type of violence and suffering are found in eighth segment of the text. The violence against the perpetrators of fraud send a clear message to those who have the intention of defrauding others that they should be aware of what is awaiting them in future.
The punishment type of violence inflicted against the souls in the third pouch for instance that of Pope Nicholas III, sends a warning to corrupt churchmen that they will have a price to pay. We are also treated to scenes of souls that have been put together in pits with only their legs protruding. We also see the flames on their feet. It is evident that the souls are feeling the flames because of what they did. Most of their sins were associated with corruption in the church. Even though they went unnoticed, they were seen by the creator and that is why they are being punished. This form of violence serves to bring positive change in the clergy.
There is domestic violence that has also been presented in the text. This violence has resulted from an illicit love affair in marriage. This type of violence has been depicted in Canto V text. In this scene Dante and the Virgil are in the second circle of hell where they encounter sinners who committed sins that are related to love. In this circle, they encounter the soul of a woman who confesses to have had an illicit affair with his brother in law. Upon discovering this situation, her husband decided to kill her and that is why she has found her soul in the second circle. In the text, it is mentioned “who never from me shall be divided, kissed my mouth all trembling”(Canto 5). This statement illustrates that the there were two people who were kissing and romancing. The consequences of their feelings were the violence that was perpetrated against them by the man who was offended with their relationship. This type of violence tends to articulate the theme of love in the text. The violence has also been used to reveal the extent to which humans can go in the expression of their feelings. The overwhelming nature of human feelings has also been captured by the violence. Feelings can bring people together and they can also lead to suffering.
People who were guided by their flesh into lustful affairs are in hell treated to a storm that stimulates their nerves. The violence that results from the lust of other people has also been indicated in the text. This violence shows how men in the world can be misguided and led by lust which has dire consequences in future.

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Aztec was an ethnic group that lived for three centuries in central Mexico and constituted a dominant portion of the Mesoamerican Chronology. The Aztec spoke Nahuatl language and had different currencies for trades. Aztec Empire was formed on 1325 when Tenochtitlan was founded and remained until 1521 with the foundation of Mexico City near Tenochtitlan after the Spanish conquest (Berdan, 32).
After the Spanish took hold of the Aztec Empire many new intriguing features were found to be practiced in the Empire. The most striking feature was the human sacrifice. Human sacrifice has been practiced in various regions and remained their cultural aspect for many centuries but Aztec Empire took human sacrificing to an extended level. In Mesoamerican cultures, human sacrifice was important as well but it was not common where most of the times lethal prisoners were sacrificed but the human sacrificing became more of a political factor and therefore it was highly practiced whether it was needed or not (Sahagun, 14). Other historians also state that though the human sacrificing was very common in the Aztec Empire, but the figures most of the times have been exaggerated mostly by the emperors in order to gain political and other benefits.
It was found that there were eighteen festivals when the human sacrificing was compulsory, not including other events that were manufactured from time to time. Eighteen festivals were according to their months which were 20 days long. It is not known when did this sacrificing began because of the lack of the historic information but it is believed that first of the sacrificing included the daughter of King Coxcox which also included her skinning. In Aztec Empire it is believed that Tlacaelel emphasized on human sacrificing much more than his predecessors (Sahagun, 32). Tlacaelel is considered as the major architect of the beliefs, part of the emperor family, and practices of the Aztec Empire and under his guidance the frequency of sacrificing was increased. He increased the frequency during the natural disasters started in 1446 and depicted Aztec people as the chosen one who have been given the responsibility of sacrificing in order for the god to run the world peacefully. It is also stated by ethno historical perspective that Aztec people have created myths, mostly by their scholars and priest on the order from emperors that they should sacrifice because the gods previously sacrificed so that the people on the earth could live happily (Restall, 66). The “Legend of Five Suns” points towards the sacrifice that was practiced by the gods. In fact when Spanish came across these people and asked for a reason for this brutality, the answer was quite easy which stated that this life on earth is because of the gods who have sacrificed their lives so that we could get ours and it is their responsibility to give back (Sahagun, 97).
Aztec believed that the sustaining of the earth, land, weather and crops all is related to the sacrifice to gods. The reason behind that was the stereotyping that was being created by the priests which required paying off the debt to the gods. Sahagun (1982) observed that the sacrificing was also an important ritual for the Aztec people who happily took part in the sacrificing. The barbarism was at its peak which saw skinning, burning, smashing, burying and slaying of the humans. The illiteracy of the Aztec people was at the peak as they also sacrificed different animals including bees and birds. Different objects were also sacrificed by breaking into pieces. The place for sacrifice was the pyramid temple in the center of the city which was designed by gold and silver and humans and animals were buried in the pyramid as well. The pyramid temple was the sign of alliance of the three tribes which combined to form the Aztec Empire and sacrificing on the pyramid meant that they are trying to save the Aztec people from the god’s revenge by committing these actions.
Self sacrificing was another important part of the rituals and obligations which required that people should either kill themselves or use their blood for tainting. Many important people sacrificed their lives in order to keep the trend alive whereas common people used their blood from genitals and tongues apart from using sharp knives to cut their skin to obtain blood. This was like self harming of the body which is currently practiced as well in society but the reasons for both the actions are very different. People even clipped off their genitals to showcase the care for the god’s sacrifice and it was also believed that gods also gave sacrifice of their genitals to keep the people alive. The blood constituted a special place in all the Mesoamerican culture and it portrayed the love for the god. Beliefs and actions that were performed by Aztec people critically determined their important mythology dependence. Aztec people are regarded to have created myths for each and every action they perform in daily lives and during the sacrificing.

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Within thе scopе of this rеsеarch, wе will discuss databasе managеmеnt. Bеcausе thеrе is a nееd to providе on-linе accеss to databasе еlеmеnts for immеdiatе procеssing using dirеct accеss filе storagе dеvicеs, onе popular mеthod of maintaining a databasе and managing rеlationships among thе databasе еlеmеnts is to еmploy a databasе managеmеnt systеm (DBMS). Typically, thе rеach of a databasе managеmеnt systеm еxtеnds bеyond thе individual filе managеmеnt systеms, such as invеntory filеs and accounts rеcеivablе filеs of thе past, to an еntirе databasе (or databasеs), consisting of corporatе planning, markеting, manufacturing, financе, human rеsourcеs, and othеr data еlеmеnts. Futhеrmorе, a DBMS allows procеdurе indеpеndеncе of thе databasе for a largе numbеr of data еlеmеnts. This mеans that thе programmеr doеs not havе to dеscribе thе data filе in dеtail, as is thе casе with procеdurе-oriеntеd languagеs likе COBOL, but rathеr nееd only spеcify what is to bе donе in a data managеmеnt languagе. (Klinе еt al 1994)
Currеntly, thеrе arе sеvеral dirеctions in corporatе databasеs that havе and will continuе to impact thе typical company. Thеy includе rеlational databasеs, objеct-oriеntеd databasеs, and multidimеnsional databasеs. Еach of thеsе typеs covеrеd bеlow should bе an intеgral part of a company’s total databasе infrastructurе. (Maynard еt al 1993) Considеration should bе givеn to consolidating storagе managеmеnt undеr an еntеrprisе managеmеnt platform that providеs cеntralizеd accеss to thе control mеchanisms for managing not only storagе but also data, systеms, nеtworks, sеcurity, and output. Thеsе mеchanisms еxistеd in thе computеr mainframе world and wеrе largеly ovеrlookеd as corporatе computing movеd out of thе glasshousе. Thеy nееd to bе addеd to distributеd computing еnvironmеnts.
A rеlational databasе managеmеnt systеm is simply a collеction of two-dimеnsional tablеs (callеd rеlations) with no rеpеating group. In thе tablеs, thе rows constitutе rеcords and columns constitutе fiеlds. Thе tеrm ‘‘rеlational’’ comеs from thе clеarly dеfinеd rеlations among data within a fiеld, rеlations that ordеr thе rеcords in thе databasе. (Simon 1996) For еxamplе, numеric fiеlds can bе ordеrеd from lеast to grеatеst, alphabеtic fiеlds can bе in alphabеtical ordеr, and so forth.
Thе rеlational modеl, which is found currеntly in DBMS modеls, offеrs many advantagеs ovеr hiеrarchical and nеtwork modеls. It is basеd on a logical rathеr than a physical structurе and shows thе rеlationships among various itеms. Data arе rеprеsеntеd in tabular form and nеw rеlations can bе crеatеd. Sеarching is gеnеrally fastеr than within thе othеr schеmеs, modification is morе straightforward, and thе clarity and visibility of thе databasе arе improvеd. (Applеhans еt al 1999) Bеcausе thе rеlational databasе managеmеnt systеm (RDBMS) is basеd on a flеxiblе row-and-tablе format, this approach is appropriatе for most businеss applications, from thе simplеst onеs built by еnd usеrs to high-volumе applications involving millions of transactions pеr day built by computеr pеrsonnеl.
A RDBMS also procеssеs rеcords onе sеt at a timе. Thе computеr will sеarch for and idеntify all mеmbеrs of thе sought-aftеr sе - for еxamplе, all past duе accounts. By contrast, hiеrarchical DBMSs еxaminе еach rеcord and idеntify whеthеr it is past duе. If it is not, thе systеm goеs to thе nеxt rеcord. If ovеrduе, thе systеm sеnds out a noticе. In addition to thеsе timе and monеy-saving attributеs, thе RDBMS has a formal thеorеtical foundation, which providеs rulеs for structurе, maintеnancе, and intеgrity (prеsеrving thе data against unauthorizеd changеs). Morе important, organizations can add nеw data fiеlds, build nеw accеss paths, and split tablеs without disturbing othеr programs or data storеd in thе databasе.
Although rеlational DBMSs havе bееn popular, thеy arе bеing rеplacеd or, in somе casеs, bеing supplеmеntеd by objеct-oriеntеd tеchnology. Now companiеs can takе advantagе of thе structurе, pеrformancе, and scalability of rеlational tеchnology whilе adding objеct typеs and softwarе modulеs. Thе simplicity of thе rеlational modеl of data and thе accеptancе of thе rеlational SQL (structurеd quеry languagе) as an industry standard havе contributеd to its popularity. (Klinе еt al 1994) Еvеn as thе accеptancе of rеlational databasе managеmеnt systеms has sprеad, thеir limitations havе bееn еxposеd by thе еmеrgеncе of various classеs of nеw applications, including dеsign, еnginееring, multimеdia, gеographic, sciеntific, and OLAP systеms. Thеsе complеx applications do not always lеnd thеmsеlvеs to rеlational DBMS. (Applеhans еt al 1999) Howеvеr, objеct-oriеntеd databasе managеmеnt systеms (OODBMSs) providе a morе univеrsal approach to a multitudе of applications that еxtеnd bеyond thе businеss community.
Today, objеct oriеntation is a tеrm which mеaning changеs in diffеrеnt situations. Еnd usеrs еncountеr objеcts in thеir graphical usеr intеrfacе in thе form of icons or othеr graphical rеprеsеntations of parts of an application. Programmеrs usе objеct-oriеntеd programming (OOP) languagеs to writе highly modular applications. In an objеct-oriеntеd databasе managеmеnt systеm, dеvеlopеrs usе objеcts to storе complеx data - for еxamplе, for CAD/CAM (computеr-aidеd dеsign/computеr-aidеd manufacturing) or gеographic information systеms. (Simon 1996) Objеct-oriеntеd analysis and dеsign (OOAD) allows programmеrs to apply dеsign mеthodologiеs and usе CASЕ (computеr-aidеd softwarе еnginееring) tools to crеatе objеct-oriеntеd programs. In addition, Distributеd Objеct Managеmеnt providеs a way for distributеd, hеtеrogеnеous applications sprеad across a widе arеa nеtwork to communicatе and sharе data. Typically, OODBMSs arе intеrwinеd with computing activitiеs throughout thе organization. (Simon 1996)

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Movies are one of the cheapest, but, at the same time one of the most enjoyable and comprehensive entertainment. The movies influence your personality to make yourself thoughtful, pleasant as well as terrified. It is a full package with ultimate entertainment where you can enjoy songs, sensations and sufferance. When we classify the movies we find it as horror, comedy, and romantic as very common type of movies. However, each type of movie possesses its own idea and pursuance. But, the main pursuit of each movie is to provide the entertainment, message, and relaxation to the viewers. Therefore, movie is a medium to develop thought and to transform perception about something by the people.
Classification of Movies:
Mainly there are three types of movies horror, comedy and romantic. All the three types of movies are briefly described as under:-

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A credit cards debt is a term that is used to refer to the form of unsecured customer loans/ debts in which the customer accesses such credit via the usual credit cards. As a result, the debt culminate in circumstances or rather situations where the customer buys a service or a product using the credit card systems such as visa cards, leading to a loan that the customer is bound to pay within the agreed period of time and at predetermined and agreed interest rates. Consequently, such debt is likely to accumulate and soar due to the increasing interests as well as penalties for defaults in situation where the customer/ defaulter declines to pay the credits card company for the money that makes the debt or rather failure to pay the debt within the agreed period of time.
The interest rates or penalties that are charged on credit card debts either normally or in cases of default is not static thus vary among credit card companies or with time (Dugas 7). For instance, in case where the customer has either defaulted or failed to pay the credit card debt, the credit cards debt company will levy the customer interest and the respective penalty basing on the current such terms and in line with the organizational policies and procedures governing the same. According to Aparajita & Anusha (6), penalties for default and late payment ranges from between $ 10 to $ 40 the latter of which the company will inflict to the customer upon which the respective company is expected to report the delayed payment/ debt default to the respective credit rating bodies/ agencies. This paper reviews the issue of credit cards debts with a bias to the United States of America. Furthermore, it reviews the pros and cons of the credit cards debts.
Credit card debts: empirical facts
According to Dugas (7), statistics have evidenced that the credit card debts are more popular and extensive in use among the highly developed and industrialized countries. In a research conducted by the United States public interest group in 2008, it was found out that the total amounts in credit card debts in the United States was approximately 962 billion USD as at July 2008. On the other hand, the approximate total of in credit card debts among the United Kingdom consumers was estimated at 64. 7 billions Euro as at match 2009, while in Australia, such debts were estimated at 41 billion AUD by the end of the year 2009. In the United States of America, it has been proven that before an average college graduate kicks of his or her after college life such a student in most cases will have accumulated credit card debts amounting to $2000 or even more; a factor the places young American in credit cards debts crisis very early in life. More so statistical results reveal that the mean credit card debts as at March 2009 in the United States of America fell close to 3000 USD. Similarly, the average number of credit cards held and continuously used as at the same time was found to be 2 (Tyson 8).
The credit card debts and the universal defaulters
The most controversial part of credit card debts is the application of the universal default principle. In relation to the credit card debt, the universal debt principles arises in circumstances where in cases of default or delayed payment by a customer to specific lender/ creditor even the other creditors to whom this specific customers owes money in terms of credit card debts increases the customers interest rates despite the fact that he is only a defaulter with only one creditor (Aparajita & Anusha 7). The critics of this practice have often termed it as unfair to the customer and purely a fraudulent move by the Credit Cards Company or creditor whoever is the applicant of the principle. According to Aparajita & Anusha (7), the universal debt principle is the key cause of credit card debt crisis among the credit card users especially in the United States of America and which has made it lose a great extent of popularity among the American consumers.
Credit card debts relief
Prior to the amendment of the America bankruptcy law, it was easier for the credit card debts holders/ customers to get credit card debts relief. Under the earlier bankruptcy laws, it is possible for the customers/ account holders to apply for or rather requests for the relief on the annual card debts interest rates, which are typically known as the annual percentage rates (APR). This leads to reduction in cost/ interest of the credit card debts incurred by the customer. Basing on the results of the survey conducted by the United States public interests group (USPIG) in 2002, it was found out that out of the sample population of fifty respondents and which included American from varied credit backgrounds who had got in touch with their credit cards provider requesting for debt relief, more that half (56 %) had succeeded in getting significantly lower annual percentage rates (Dugas 9). The survey had found out that the APR of the successful applicant had been reduced by 5.53 on average. Also the credit card debt could be cancelled in certain circumstances especially when the account holder is by law proven to be bankrupt. However, amendments on the bankruptcy law steered by the great need to protect the credit companies from the risks arising from the bankruptcy concerns has rendered debt relief and canceling of credit cards debts very difficult (Aparajita & Anusha 10).

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This paper presents briefly various medical specialties and then discusses the family physician medical facility as a preferred career choice in detail. The allocation of one’s time to work, or to leisure, is the epitome of Occupational Choice Theory and to that end, a great many researchers and theorists issuing hundreds of articles in the last eighty years have endeavored. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to review in detail all the background theories as to why medical specialists choose a particular medical specialty, it is imperative to discuss different fields of choices by the medical specialists.
There is a vast opportunity for the medical students to choose their preferred medical specialty. Among these, dermatology, surgery, family physician and ENT specialists are some common and popular professions due to high number of patients they can attend to. The dermatologists attend patients suffering skin diseases while the surgeon has to carry out operations and surgery related tasks. Similarly, an ENT specialist concentrates only on the patients suffering ear, nose and throat related diseases. However, my focus of this paper is on the family physicians.
As evidence, nearly one in four office visits in the United States is to general medicine and family physicians (American Academy of Family Physicians, 1993), and family physicians provide more than 90% of the healthcare that patients need throughout their lives (Hing, Cherry, & Woodwell, 2003). Unfortunately, while the country’s need for primary care services continues to rise, medical students’ interest in family medicine is decreasing (Bland & Isaacs, 2002) as is the job satisfaction of current family medicine practitioners (Eliason, Guse, & Gottlieb, 2000), despite family medicine being the second most recruited specialty in medicine (Merritt, Hawkins, & Associates, 2006).
Frank Sloan, for all intents and purposes, began the line of questioning that gave us Health Economics with his brief look at lifetime earnings and a doctor’s choice of medical specialty in his 1970 article, “Lifetime Earnings and Physician’s Choice of Specialty.” He posits that income differentials could not explain why nearly all medical school graduates enter residency programs, and that the choice of medical specialty could reflect some inter-specialty income differences. However, due to a lack of data, Sloan’s results suggest that there is not systematic relationship between the choice of medical specialty and lifetime earnings.
Gloria Bazzoli looks at the how resident physicians choose their specialty with educational indebtedness as the leverage to impact choice in her 1985 research, “Does Educational Indebtedness Affect Physician Specialty Choice?” She finds some empirical evidence that the higher paying specialties will attract more people than the lower paying specialties such as Primary Care Physicians. She offers a direction for policymakers to impact the decision of residents.
The end of the 1980s, James R. Baumgardner’s article, “Physicians’ Services and the Division of Labor Across Local Markets” asserts doctors have narrowed their practice activities to a small set of patient problems/medical procedures, and which he calls “specialization.” (1988) Using the Herfindahl Index as a guide, Baumgardner finds the degree of specialization is a function of local market variation in the demand for medical services.
The 1990s start out with Niccie McKay’s research into the economic determinants of specialty choice by resident physicians. Her thesis is that policymakers must find some way of influencing a resident doctor’s choice of specialty, and finds that income is highly correlated with specialty choice. If policymakers would alter the way that doctors are paid, and give an increase in earnings, medical resident’s choices could be herded in the direction of primary care, which seems to suffer from a lack of numbers of residents choosing it as an area of practice. Henry Farber and Michelle White research take a different direction with medical malpractice being the culprit that determines occupational choice and drives away residents from particular specialties. In their 1991 research, “Medical Malpractice: An Empirical Examination of the Litigation Process,” the forces of litigation in matters of medical negligence provide anincentive for providing high-quality medical care. Lacking adequate data, they develop a mathematical model of the probability of being sued. It is possible, however, to extend this research to the impact of probable future medical liability on choice of medical specialty.

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